쉐도잉 연습: System Design: Why is Kafka fast? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

Why is Kafka fast?

What is the secret?

We will talk about it in this video.

Let's dive right in.

We'll first start by acknowledging that the term fast is ambiguous.

What does it even mean that Kafka is fast?

Are we talking latency?

Are we talking throughput?

Is fast compared to what?

Kafka is optimized for high throughput.

It is designed to move a large number of records in a short amount of time.

Think of it as a very large pipe moving liquid.

The bigger the diameter of the pipe, the larger the volume of liquid that can move through it.

So when someone says Kafka is fast, they usually refer to Kafka's ability to move a lot of data efficiently.

What are some of the design decisions that help Kafka move a lot of data quickly?

There are many design decisions that contributed to Kafka's performance.

In this video, we'll focus on two.

We think these two carry the most weight.

The first one is Kafka's reliance on sequential I.O.

What is sequential I.O.?

Let's dig deeper into that.

There's a common misconception that disk access is slow compared to memory access.

But this largely depends on data access patterns.

There are two types of disk access patterns, random and sequential.

For hard drives, it takes time to physically move the arm to different locations on the magnetic disks.

This is what makes random access slow.

For sequential access though, since the arm doesn't need to jump around it is much faster to read

and write blocks of data one after the other kafka takes

advantage of this by using an append only log as its primary data structure

and the pen only log adds new data to the end

of the file this access pattern is sequential now let's bring

this idea home with some numbers on modern hardware with an

array of this hard disks sequential will write reach hundreds of megabytes per second,

while random writes are measured in hundreds of kilobytes per second.

Sequential access is several order of magnitude faster.

Using hard disks has its cost advantage too.

Compared to SSD, hard disks come as one-third of the price, but with about three times the capacity.

Giving Kafka a large pool of cheap disk space without any performance penalty, means that Kafka can cost-effectively retain messages for a long period of time,

a feature that was uncommon to messaging systems before Kafka.

The second design choice that gives Kafka its performance advantage is its focus on efficiency.

Kafka has moved a lot of data from network to disk and then from disk to network.

It is critically important to eliminate excess copy when moving pages and pages of data between the disk and the network.

This is where zero copy principle comes into the picture.

Modern Unix operating systems are highly optimized to transfer data from disk to network without copying data excessively.

Let's dive deeper to see how this is done.

First, we look at how Kafka sends a page of data on disk to the consumer

when zero copy is not used at all.

First, the data is loaded from disk to the OS cache.

Second, the data is copied from the OS cache into the Kafka application.

Third, the data is copied from Kafka to the socket buffer.

And fourth, the data is copied from the socket buffer to the network interface card buffer.

And finally, the data is sent over the network to the consumer.

Now this is clearly inefficient.

There are four copies and two system calls.

Now let's compare this to zero copy.

The first step is the same.

The data page is loaded from the disk to the OS cache.

With zero copy, the Kafka application uses a system call called send file to

tell the operating system to directly copy the data from the OS cache to the network interface card buffer.

In this optimized path, the only copy is from the OS cache into the network card buffer.

With a modern network card, this copying is done with DMA.

DMA stands for Direct Memory Access.

When DMA is used, the CPU is not involved, making it even more efficient.

To recap, sequential I.O and zero copy principle are the cornerstone to Kafka's high performance.

Kafka uses other techniques to squeeze every ounce of performance of modern hardware, but these two are the most important in our view.

If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.

Please subscribe if you learned something new.

Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

쉐도잉 연습: System Design: Why is Kafka fast? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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