跟读练习: How do cigarettes affect the body? - Krishna Sudhir - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Cigarettes aren’t good for us.
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41 句
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Cigarettes aren’t good for us.
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That’s hardly news--we’ve known about the dangers of smoking for decades.
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But how exactly do cigarettes harm us?
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Let’s look at what happens as their ingredients make their way through our bodies, and how we benefit physically when we finally give up smoking.
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With each inhalation, smoke brings its more than 5,000 chemical substances into contact with the body’s tissues.
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From the start, tar, a black, resinous material, begins to coat the teeth and gums, damaging tooth enamel, and eventually causing decay.
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Over time, smoke also damages nerve-endings in the nose, causing loss of smell.
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Inside the airways and lungs, smoke increases the likelihood of infections, as well as chronic diseases like bronchitis and emphysema.
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It does this by damaging the cilia, tiny hairlike structures whose job it is to keep the airways clean.
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It then fills the alveoli, tiny air sacs that enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.
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A toxic gas called carbon monoxide crosses that membrane into the blood, binding to hemoglobin and displacing the oxygen it would usually have transported around the body.
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That’s one of the reasons smoking can lead to oxygen deprivation and shortness of breath.
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Within about 10 seconds, the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters including endorphins that create the pleasurable sensations which make smoking highly addictive.
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Nicotine and other chemicals from the cigarette simultaneously cause constriction of blood vessels and damage their delicate endothelial lining, restricting blood flow.
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These vascular effects lead to thickening of blood vessel walls and enhance blood platelet stickiness, increasing the likelihood that clots will form and trigger heart attacks and strokes.
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Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes can trigger dangerous mutations in the body’s DNA that make cancers form.
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Additionally, ingredients like arsenic and nickel may disrupt the process of DNA repair, thus compromising the body’s ability to fight many cancers.
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In fact, about one of every three cancer deaths in the United States is caused by smoking.
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And it’s not just lung cancer.
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Smoking can cause cancer in multiple tissues and organs, as well as damaged eyesight and weakened bones.
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It makes it harder for women to get pregnant.
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And in men, it can cause erectile dysfunction.
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But for those who quit smoking, there’s a huge positive upside with almost immediate and long-lasting physical benefits.
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Just 20 minutes after a smoker’s final cigarette, their heart rate and blood pressure begin to return to normal.
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After 12 hours, carbon monoxide levels stabilize, increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.
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A day after ceasing, heart attack risk begins to decrease as blood pressure and heart rates normalize.
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After two days, the nerve endings responsible for smell and taste start to recover.
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Lungs become healthier after about one month, with less coughing and shortness of breath.
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The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs start recovering within weeks, and are restored after 9 months, improving resistance to infection.
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By the one-year anniversary of quitting, heart disease risk plummets to half as blood vessel function improves.
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Five years in, the chance of a clot forming dramatically declines, and the risk of stroke continues to reduce.
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After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored.
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Fifteen years in, the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease is essentially the same as that of a non-smoker.
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There’s no point pretending this is all easy to achieve.
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Quitting can lead to anxiety and depression, resulting from nicotine withdrawal.
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But fortunately, such effects are usually temporary.
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And quitting is getting easier, thanks to a growing arsenal of tools.
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Nicotine replacement therapy through gum, skin patches, lozenges, and sprays may help wean smokers off cigarettes.
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They work by stimulating nicotine receptors in the brain and thus preventing withdrawal symptoms, without the addition of other harmful chemicals.
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Counselling and support groups, cognitive behavioral therapy, and moderate intensity exercise also help smokers stay cigarette-free.
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That’s good news, since quitting puts you and your body on the path back to health.
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关于本课
在本节课中，我们将深入探讨视频“香烟如何影响身体”的内容，了解香烟中的有害成分如何对我们的健康造成影响。学习者将练习与健康相关的词汇主题，尤其是吸烟的危害和戒烟后的身体改善。同时，我们还将关注如何在日常交流中讨论与健康、吸烟和戒烟相关的话题，从而提升口语表达能力和英语流利度。
重要词汇和短语
- Chemical substances（化学物质）: 指香烟中存在的众多有害成分。
- Nicotine（尼古丁）: 一种使香烟上瘾的成分，能够刺激大脑。
- Heart disease（心脏病）: 长期吸烟导致的一种疾病，影响心脏健康。
- Withdrawal symptoms（戒断症状）: 停止吸烟后可能出现的不适感。
- Prevent withdrawal symptoms（防止戒断症状）: 戒烟过程中使用的辅助方法。
- Blood pressure（血压）: 吸烟对血管的影响，戒烟后可恢复正常。
- Emphysema（肺气肿）: 长期吸烟引发的慢性肺病。
- Dopamine（多巴胺）: 一种在吸烟中释放的神经递质，造成愉悦感。
本视频练习技巧
在跟读时，学习者应注意语速适中，以确保每个单词都能清晰发音。可以选择慢速播放视频，以便更好地捕捉发音技巧和语调变化。对于初学者，可以尝试先模仿重音和语调，再逐步提高语速。同时，尽量模仿讲者的口音，以提高发音准确性。此外，针对雅思口语考试的准备，特别注意使用视频中提到的词汇和短语，练习将这些新内容有效地融入到自己的表达中。这种方式不仅能够增强英语口语能力，还能帮助提升雅思口语的成绩。通过反复练习这些跟读技巧，学习者将能够在健康和生活方式的相关话题中更加流利自如地进行交流。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。
如何在ShadowingEnglish上有效练习
- 选择您的视频： 挑选一段语音清晰、自然的YouTube视频。TED演讲，BBC新闻，电影片段，播客或雅思口语范例都很好。将URL粘贴到搜索栏中。从较短的视频（短于5分钟）以及您真正感兴趣的内容开始——兴趣是最重要的导师。
- 先听，理解上下文： 第一次听的时候，将速度保持在1倍速并仅仅倾听。还不要尝试重复。专注于理解其含义，收集新词汇，并注意讲话人如何强调单词，连读声音及使用停顿。
- 设置跟读模式：
- 等待模式：选择
+3s或+5s——在每句话播放完毕后，视频会自动暂停以便您有时间大声重复它。如果您想完全控制并在每次重复后由您自己点击下一步，请选择手动。 - 字幕同步：YouTube字幕有时会在音频前或后略微出现。使用
±100ms使它们完美对齐以助您准确跟读。
- 等待模式：选择
- 大声跟读（核心练习）： 这是真正发生改变的一步。当一个句子播放出来立刻——或在暂停期间——大声、清晰且自信地重复出来。千万不要只是张张嘴：要模仿说话者的准确节奏、重音、音高和连读。力求听上去就像说话者的影子，而不仅是逐字背诵。使用重复功能多次练习同一个句子，直到感觉自然为止。
- 提高难度： 当练习段落变得相对舒适后，就去挑战自我。将速度增加至 <code>1.25x</code> 或甚至 <code>1.5x</code> 以训练高速语言反射。或者将等待模式调整为 <code>关闭</code> 以进行连续跟读——这是最进阶同样收益最大的模式。持续的每日15–30分钟的练习将可以在几周内产生可见的效果。